Ionic interactions Electronic transfer of electrons between atoms makes them ions which attract via the Coulomb interaction, so 1/r and isotropic. It is ∼100kBT. However, interaction is strongly modified in a solution, due to screening (similar to Debye screening in Plasma physics).
Covalent bonds. Due to shared electrons that are attracted to both nuclei (or sometimes a few nuclei, in molecules). These are the most common bonds in molecules (see Molecular physics). They are short-ranged and highly directional (anistropic). They are ∼30to100kBT at room T.
Metallic bonds, are an special case of covalent bond, where electrons are delocalized over macroscopic regions. Commons in metals.