Fundamental group and the higher homotopy groups
They are basically defined as πn(X)={Sn→X}/∼\pi_n(X) = \{S^n \to X\} / \simπn(X)={Sn→X}/∼
where XXX is a Topological space, SnS^nSn is the nnn-dimensional Hypersphere, the map Sn→XS^n \to XSn→X is continuous /// refers to the quotient operation, and ∼\sim∼ refers to homotopic equivalence relation.