In general, using your models of the world to see what you expect to perceive, and thus augment perception. Predictive coding is a way of doing this where all you pass forward is those parts of perceptions that you didn't expect, and so are surprising and can be used for learning.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1hEc6vay_k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oyy5jmz8Ws
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ga4EDk900R0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSXNlOj5dH4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiwGxByXlfY
http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v2/n1/full/nn0199_79.html
http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~tai/papers/lee_mumford_josa.pdf